Prospective head-to-head comparison of non-invasive scores for diagnosis of fibrotic MASH in patients with type 2 diabetes.

BACKGROUND: Non-invasive scores have been proposed to identify patients with fibrotic, metabolic dysfunction associated steatohepatitis (MASH), who are at the highest risk of progression to complications of cirrhosis and may benefit from pharmacologic treatments. However, data in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) patients are lacking. The aim of this multicenter prospective study was to compare head-to-head FAST (FibroScan-aspartate aminotransferase [AST]), MAST (magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]-AST), MEFIB (magnetic resonance elastography [MRE] plus FIB-4), and FNI (fibrotic NASH index) for detecting fibrotic MASH in T2DM patients. METHODS: 330 T2DM outpatients with biopsy-proven metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) from the QUID-NASH study (NCT03634098), who underwent FibroScan, MRI-PDFF and MRE at the time of liver biopsy (LB) were studied. The main outcome was fibrotic MASH, defined as NAS ≥ 4 (with at least one point each) and fibrosis stage ≥ 2 (centrally reviewed). RESULTS: 245 patients (median age 59 years, male 65%, BMI 31 kg/m2; fibrotic MASH 39%) had all data available for scores comparison. FAST and MAST had similar accuracy (AUROCs 0.81 vs. 0.79, p = 0.41) but outperformed FNI (0.74; p = 0.01) and MEFIB (0.68; p < 0.0001). When using original cutoffs, MAST outperformed FAST, MEFIB and FNI when comparing the percentage of correctly classified patients, in whom LB would be avoided (69% vs. 48%, 46%, 39%, respectively; p < 0.001). When using cutoffs specific to our population, FAST outperformed FNI and MAST (56% vs. 40%, and 38%, respectively; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Our findings show that FAST, MAST, MEFIB and FNI are accurate non-invasive tools to identify T2DM patients with fibrotic MASH in secondary/tertiary diabetes clinics. Cutoffs adapted to T2DM population should be considered. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT03634098.

Histological Characteristics and Management of Hepatitis on Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Retrospective Descriptive Study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: the side effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) pose a problem for the clinical management of cancer patients. There is a lack of knowledge of the value of liver biopsy in patients with ICI-related drug-induced liver injury (ICI-DILI). The aim of this study was to explore the impact of liver biopsy on clinical management and response to corticosteroids, according to histological findings. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective, single-center study to evaluate the biochemical, histological and clinical data of 35 patients with ICI-DILI between 2015 and 2021 in a university hospital in France. RESULTS: Of the 35 patients with ICI-DILI (median [interquartile range] age 62 [48-73] years, 40% males) studied, 20 underwent a liver biopsy. There was no difference in the management of ICI-DILI according to liver biopsy in terms of ICI withdrawal, reduction or rechallenge. According to the histological profile, patients with toxic and granulomatous profiles had a better response to corticosteroids, while patients with cholangitic lesions had the worst response. CONCLUSION: In ICI-DILI, liver biopsy must not delay patient care but may be useful in identifying patients with a cholangitic profile who have a poorer response to corticosteroids.

High Prevalence of NASH and Advanced Fibrosis in Type 2 Diabetes: A Prospective Study of 330 Outpatients Undergoing Liver Biopsies for Elevated ALT, Using a Low Threshold.

OBJECTIVE: Most people with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) or advanced fibrosis (AF) remain undiagnosed, resulting in missed opportunities for early intervention. This multicenter, prospective study assessed the yield of using routinely available data to identify these patients. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 713 outpatients with T2DM, screened in four diabetology clinics for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease according to American Diabetes Association criteria, were referred to hepatologists for further work-up (Fibrosis-4 and vibration-controlled transient elastography [VCTE]). A liver biopsy was proposed when ALT levels were persistently >20 IU/L in female patients or >30 IU/L in male patients, in the absence of other liver disease. RESULTS: Liver biopsies were performed in 360 patients and considered adequate for reading after central review for 330 specimens (median patient age, 59 years; male patients, 63%; median BMI and HbA1c values, 32 and 7.5%, respectively). Prevalence of NASH, AF, and cirrhosis were 58%, 38%, and 10%, respectively. Liver lesions were independently associated with the components of metabolic syndrome but not with the micro- and macrovascular complications of T2DM. Models based on routinely available data with or without VCTE had good accuracy to predict AF (respectively: area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUROC], 0.84 and 0.77; and correctly classified 59% and 45%) and NASH (respectively: AUROC, 0.82 and 0.81; 44% and 42%). CONCLUSIONS: Despite the use of a low ALT threshold, prevalence of NASH (58%) or AF (38%) was high. Routinely available data had a high yield in identifying patients with T2DM with AF and/or NASH requiring further liver assessment.

Validation of a screening algorithm for hepatic fibrosis by Doppler ultrasound and elastography in a general population.

BACKGROUND: Early detection can prevent the initial stages of fibrosis from progressing to cirrhosis. PURPOSE: To evaluate an algorithm combining three echographic indicators and elastographic measurements to screen for hepatic fibrosis in an unselected population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From May 2017 to June 2018, all patients with no history and no known chronic liver disease who were referred for an ultrasound (US) were prospectively included in eight hospitals. The indicators being sought were liver surface irregularity, demodulation of hepatic veins, and spleen length >110 mm. Patients presenting at least one of these underwent elastography measurements with virtual touch quantification (VTQ) or supersonic shear imaging (SSI). If elastography was positive, patients were referred to hepatologist for fibrosis evaluation. Reference standard was obtained by FibroMeterVCTE or biopsy. A FibroMeterVCTE result >0.384 indicated a "necessary referral" to a hepatologist. RESULTS: Of the 1501 patients included, 504 (33.6%) were positive for at least one US indicator. All of them underwent US elastography, with 85 being positive. Of the patients, 58 (3.6%) had a consultation with a liver specialist: 21 had positive FibroMeterVCTE and nine had an indication of biopsy for suspicion of fibrosis. This screening algorithm made it possible to diagnose 1.6% of patients in our population with unknown fibrosis. Of the patients, 50% referred to the liver specialist were "necessary referrals." CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that three simple US indicators with no systematic elastographic measurement could be applied in day-to-day practice to look for hepatic fibrosis in an unsuspected population allowing relevant referrals to a hepatologist.

Patients Treated for HCV Infection and Listed for Liver Transplantation in a French Multicenter Study: What Happens at Five Years?

BACKGROUND: Direct-acting antiviral (DAA) agents for the treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection have been proven safe and effective in cirrhotic patients awaiting liver transplantation (LT). However, in the long term, data remain minimal regarding the clinical impact of viral eradication on patients listed for decompensated cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We aimed to elucidate the clinical outcomes of patients regarding delisting and the evolution of HCC during the long-term follow-up. METHODS: An observational, multicenter, retrospective analysis was carried out on prospectively collected data from HCV-positive patients treated with an interferon-free regimen while awaiting LT in 18 French hospitals. RESULTS: A total of 179 patients were included in the study. The indication for LT was HCC in 104 (58.1%) patients and cirrhosis in 75 (41.9%) patients. The sustained virological response was 84.4% and the treatment was well tolerated. At five years, among 75 patients with cirrhosis treated for HCV, 19 (25.3%) were delisted following improvement after treatment. Predictive factors for delisting highlighted an absence of ascites, MELD score ≤ 15, and Child-Pugh score ≤ 7. No patients with refractory ascites were delisted. Among patients with HCC, 82 (78.9%) were transplanted. The drop-out rate was low (6.7%) and few recurrences of HCC after LT were observed. CONCLUSIONS: DAAs are safe and effective in patients awaiting LT for cirrhosis or HCC. A quarter of patients with cirrhosis can be delisted because of clinical improvement. Predictive factors for delisting, as a result of improvement, may assist prescribers, before initiating HCV infection therapy in the long-term perspective.

Prospective external validation of a new non-invasive test for the diagnosis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in patients with type 2 diabetes.

BACKGROUND: One of the unmet needs in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the prediction of non-alcoholic liver disease by non-invasive blood tests, for each of the three main histological features, fibrosis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and steatosis. AIMS: To validate externally the performances of a recent panel, Nash-FibroTest, for the assessment of the severity of fibrosis stages, NASH grades and steatosis grades. METHODS: We prospectively analysed 272 patients with T2DM. Standard definitions of stages and grades were used, and analyses were centralised and blinded. The performances of the FibroTest, NashTest-2 and SteatoTest-2 were assessed using the Obuchowski measure (OM), the main outcome recommended as a summary measure of accuracy includeing all pairwise stages and grades comparisons, which is not provided par the extensively used binary area under the ROC curve. RESULTS: The diagnostic performance of each component of the panel was significant. OM (SE; significance) of the FibroTest, the NashTest-2 and the SteatoTest-2 was 0.862 (0.012; P < 0.001), 0.827 (0.015; P < 0.001) and 0.794 (0.020; P < 0.01), respectively. For ballooning and lobular inflammation, OM was 0.794 (0.021; P < 0.001) and 0.821 (0.017; P < 0.001), respectively. In a post hoc analysis the FibroTest outperformed VCTE by 4.1% (2.5-6.5; P < 0.001) for reliability, with a non-significant difference for OM for fibrosis staging, 0.859 (0.012) for FibroTest vs 0.870 (0.009) for VCTE. CONCLUSIONS: From a single blood sample, the panel provides non-invasive diagnosis of the stages of fibrosis, and the grades of NASH and steatosis in patients with T2DM. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT03634098.

Review article: immunisation against hepatitis B virus infection and the prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection results in a high risk of cirrhosis and its complications: cirrhosis decompensation, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC, the fourth most common cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide), liver transplantation and death. It is now 40 years since development of the first plasmatic vaccine which has been proven to prevent (liver) cancer. AIMS: To update firstly the molecular and epidemiological aspects of HBV-related HCC and its natural history together with the benefits associated with viral suppression and secondly the safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of HBV vaccination. METHODS: Analysis of recent published data regarding HBV replication, anti-viral treatments and vaccination. RESULTS: The nuclear HBV replication cycle in the hepatocyte combines two limiting steps to achievement of HBV cure during chronic infection: the formation of a minichromosome, the supercoiled cccDNA, and host-genome integration of HBV DNA which triggers direct viral hepatocarcinogenesis. Even if specific anti-viral treatments significantly reduce viral replication, they decrease but do not cancel the risk of liver-related events in contrast with the prevention of HBV through HBV vaccination. CONCLUSIONS: To achieve the 2030 viral hepatitis elimination plan, the HBV vaccine is a priority tool for achieving the sustainable development goals of the World Health Organization.

Outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection is linked to MAIT cell activation and cytotoxicity.

Immune system dysfunction is paramount in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity and fatality rate. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate-like T cells involved in mucosal immunity and protection against viral infections. Here, we studied the immune cell landscape, with emphasis on MAIT cells, in cohorts totaling 208 patients with various stages of disease. MAIT cell frequency is strongly reduced in blood. They display a strong activated and cytotoxic phenotype that is more pronounced in lungs. Blood MAIT cell alterations positively correlate with the activation of other innate cells, proinflammatory cytokines, notably interleukin (IL)-18, and with the severity and mortality of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. We also identified a monocyte/macrophage interferon (IFN)-α-IL-18 cytokine shift and the ability of infected macrophages to induce the cytotoxicity of MAIT cells in an MR1-dependent manner. Together, our results suggest that altered MAIT cell functions due to IFN-α-IL-18 imbalance contribute to disease severity, and their therapeutic manipulation may prevent deleterious inflammation in COVID-19 aggravation.

Absence of impact of direct acting antivirals for hepatitis C virus on recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma tumor growth in the AFEF/ANRS CO22 Hepather cohort.

BACKGROUND: Although it has now been excluded that direct-acting antivirals (DAA) are associated with a significant risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in HCV-infected patients, a possible effect of DAA on tumor growth is still a subject of debate. We performed a blind comparison of the kinetics of HCC recurrence in patients after HCV treatment with or without DAA to evaluate the potential aggressiveness of HCC after DAA treatment. BASIC PROCEDURES: Thirty-nine HCV-infected patients from the AFEF/ANRS CO22 Hepather cohort who experienced HCC recurrence after so-called curative treatment were evaluated. Contrast-enhanced CT and/or MR images were read blindly 6 months before HCC recurrence and during the follow-up period. Seventeen patients who received DAA (DAA+) before HCC recurrence were compared to the 22 who did not receive (DAA-), according to the LiRads and mRECIST criteria. MAIN FINDINGS: There were 28 men and 11 women, median age 62 years old, 37 (95%) with cirrhosis. DAA+ patients had a lower median MELD score (8±2 vs. 10±4, P=0.0286) than DAA- patients. The median time to HCC recurrence (time from the date of curative treatment to the diagnosis of recurrence) was not different (20 vs. 18 months) (P=0.73) between the two groups. There was no difference between the 2 groups in the overall survival and/or transplantation-free survival (P=0.71) and for the mRECIST time to progression (P=0.25). CONCLUSION: This blinded analysis of HCC recurrence after HCC treatment does not support any negative impact of DAA therapy on the severity or progression of recurrent HCC.

Extrahepatic cancers and chronic HCV infection.

Infectious agents, such as HCV, account for ∼15% of human cancers. HCV infects not only hepatocytes but also extrahepatic cells. Chronic HCV infection can induce chronic inflammation with qualitative and quantitative alterations of the immune repertoire and tissue microenvironment, which could induce various neoplasias. Epidemiological studies and meta-analyses suggest an increased rate of extrahepatic cancers in patients with chronic HCV infection along with a higher risk of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, pancreatic cancer and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), highlighting the need to screen for HCV infection in patients with these cancers. Development of B cell NHL has been associated with HCV infection, with a relative risk of ∼1.5. Direct transformation related to the presence of the virus and chronic antigenic stimulation are the two major non-exclusive mechanisms involved in HCV-related lymphomagenesis. HCV infection alters survival of patients with lymphoma, and sustained virologic response (SVR) substantially improves prognosis. Antiviral treatments might induce remission of indolent lymphoma when SVR is achieved even without chemotherapy, emphasizing the role of HCV in lymphomagenesis in this context. However, studies are needed to provide prospective evidence of a causal relationship between chronic HCV infection and other extrahepatic cancers and to determine whether the risk of extrahepatic cancers is reduced with SVR. In this Review, we report on recent studies analysing the risk of extrahepatic cancers associated with chronic HCV infection. Although there is no doubt regarding the direct and indirect causality between HCV and NHL, an increased risk of other cancers is less clear, with the exception of cholangiocarcinoma.

Impact of Obliterative Portal Venopathy Associated With Human Immunodeficiency Virus.

HIV-associated obstructive portopathy (HIVOP) is an obstruction of the hepatic microvasculature of unknown origin. The purpose of this study was to describe the clinical and paraclinical presentation of the disease and its impact in terms of morbidity. Twenty-nine HIV1-infected patients (average 12 years of infection, nadir of CD4 210/mm, including 7 patients with a history of opportunistic infection) with a biopsy-proven or likely HIVOP have been followed up for an average of 6.1 years. Modes of revelation of the HIVOP were: cytolysis and/or cholestasis (60%), occult (14%) or symptomatic (37%) portal hypertension (esophageal varices 17%, ascites 10%, cytopenia 10%), or fortuitous (8%). Hypoalbuminemia (≤35 g/L) was present in (31%), thrombocytopenia (<150,000 platelets) in 52% and prothrombin rate <70% in 10%. Esophageal varices were detected in 71%. Thrombophilia was present in 23 patients (80%): in head, protein S deficiency (87%). MRI showed in 82% at least 1 morphological abnormality. The average value of the liver stiffness by Fibroscan was 8.3 kPa. During follow-up, there was no radiological improvement, 15 (52%) patients presented with variceal hemorrhage, 10 patients (34%) ascites, 10 (34%) portal vein thrombosis, 7 (24%) an iron deficiency, and 2 (7%) with a protein-losing enteropathy, including 14 patients (48%) with several events. Four patients (14%) were transplanted, 1 (25%) recurred the HIVOP on the graft, and 1 patient is waiting for a transplant. HIVOP is a severe disease associated with high morbidity related to symptomatic portal hypertension, which occurred in 50% and required liver transplantation in 14%.

[Management of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infection in chronic kidney failure]. / Prise en charge de l'infection par les virus des hépatites B ou C chez l'insuffisant rénal chronique.

Chronic infections by hepatitis B (HBV) and C virus (HCV) result in diagnosis and therapeutic issues in dialysis and kidney recipients patients. The exposure to nosocomial, including blood transfusion, risk explains the high prevalence of HBV and HCV infection in this setting. Chronic infection reduces the survival of both patients and allografts, including a specific risk of de novo glomerulonephritis. Cirrhosis was considered as a contra-indication to renal transplantation given the high risk of decompensation and death, questionning the indication of a combined liver and kidney transplantation. Thus, it is mandatory to screen HBV and HCV markers in all dialysis patients, whether or not they are candidates to transplantation. Liver biopsy allows evaluating the severity of the liver disease since the noninvasive markers of fibrosis appear to be less accurate in "renal" patients than in the general population and to better define antiviral therapeutic indications. HCV treatment was mainly based on pegylated interferon α (and low doses of ribavirin), which is contra-indicated in kidney recipients given the risk of graft rejection; HCV treatment is now based on the use of oral direct acting antivirals, which are very potent and well tolerated. HBV replication is now easily suppressed by second-generation nucleos(t)tidic analogues (entecavir and tenofovir), which will be indicated in all the dialysis patients with significant fibrosis (F2,3 or 4 according to the Metavir scoring system) and in any candidate to renal transplantation and to any HBsAg-positive kidney recipients. The best treatment remains preventive by anti-HBV vaccination for HBV and by the respect of universal hygiene rules for HCV.

Hepatitis B virus treatment beyond the guidelines: special populations and consideration of treatment withdrawal.

The goal of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) treatment is to improve survival by preventing disease progression to decompensated cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma which is the cause of over 1 million deaths annually. The risk of disease progression is reduced when a sustained reduction of hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA to undetectable levels and suppression of HBV replication are obtained which can result in regression of liver fibrosis and may even reverse cirrhosis. However, even if HBsAg loss occurs, HBV is not completely eradicated by treatment, and long-term therapy is required in patients who are HBeAg(-) and HBeAg(+) who do not maintain off-treatment virological suppression and in those with advanced liver disease. The recently updated European Association of the Study of the Liver (EASL) clinical practical guidelines for HBV have clarified, first, how to treat HBV (interferon or the most potent oral drugs with optimal resistance profiles, i.e. entecavir and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, should be used as first-line monotherapies); second, who should be treated (CHB in patients with significant liver disease but also patients who are HBsAg(+) and are receiving immunosuppressive treatment, patients coinfected with HBV and human immunodeficiency virus, mothers who are HBsAg(+) with high viral load in late pregnancy associated with sero vaccination to reduce the risk of vertical transmission of HBV; and third, when to stop antiviral therapies. The aim of this review was to clarify how to treat HBV and who should be treated, as well as when to stop treatment. Although the answer to these questions is clear for pegylated interferon, it is more debatable for nucleos(t)ide analogues (anti-HBe seroconversion, HBsAg loss or anti-HBs seroconversion with undetectable HBV DNA are clear indications to discontinue treatment but sustained undetectable HBV DNA in patients who are anti-HBe(+) without significant fibrosis might be another indication).

Hepatitis C virus infection in hemodialysis patients.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is observed in around 20% of dialysis patients and in allograft recipients and results in a significant morbidity and mortality, especially after transplantation. Its prevalence has markedly decreased in patients who are candidates for transplantation since the introduction of screening, hygiene and prevention measures, including systematic screening of blood and organ donations, use of erythropoietin, and compliance with universal hygiene rules. A liver biopsy is preferable to non-invasive biochemical and/or morphological tests of fibrosis to evaluate liver fibrosis before and even after transplantation. In HCV-infected dialyzed patients who are not candidates for renal transplantation, the indication for antiviral therapy is limited to significant fibrosis (fibrosis ≥ 2 on the METAVIR scale). Antiviral treatment should be proposed to any HCV-infected candidate for renal transplantation, whatever the baseline histopathology. The recommendation is to use standard interferon-α as monotherapy, but pegylated interferon can be used, resulting in sustained virological response, while low doses of combined ribavirin may enhance the antiviral efficacy. After transplantation, interferon-α is contra-indicated but may be used in patients for whom the benefits of antiviral treatment clearly outweigh the risks, especially that of allograft rejection. All cirrhotic patients should be screened for hepatocellular carcinoma, whose risk is enhanced by immunosuppressive regimens. Sustained suppression of necro-inflammation may result in the reversal of cirrhosis, which reduces liver-related morbidity and improves patient and allograft survival. Finally, due to the high mortality after renal transplantation, active cirrhosis must be considered to be a contraindication to kidney transplantation, but an indication to combined liver-kidney transplantation; on the contrary, inactive compensated cirrhosis may permit renal transplantation alone.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and HIV infection.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a clinicopathologic syndrome that includes a range of disorders associated with fatty liver from steatosis to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, defined by the presence of liver fat accumulation exceeding 5% of hepatocytes in the absence of other causes of liver disease such as alcohol consumption, viral hepatitis, or any other specific etiology. Half the patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who undergo additional testing for unexplained liver test abnormalities may suffer from NAFLD, which is the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome. In HIV-infected patients, NAFLD can result from the HIV itself, highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), and/or lipodystrophy. Evaluation of the liver impact of NAFLD remains mainly based on liver biopsy, but numerous noninvasive procedures are under evaluation. In HIV/hepatitis C virus (HCV-) coinfected patients, steatosis seems more frequent and severe by comparison with HCV-monoinfected patients, and is associated with significant liver fibrosis, which may contribute to the more rapid progression of liver disease. First-line treatment of NAFLD is mainly based on the adequate management of the metabolic syndrome, including lifestyle changes. Specific therapeutic approaches are under investigation.

Efficient replication of primary or culture hepatitis C virus isolates in human liver slices: a relevant ex vivo model of liver infection.

UNLABELLED: The development of human cultured hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication-permissive hepatocarcinoma cell lines has provided important new virological tools to study the mechanisms of HCV infection; however, this experimental model remains distantly related to physiological and pathological conditions. Here, we report the development of a new ex vivo model using human adult liver slices culture, demonstrating, for the first time, the ability of primary isolates to undergo de novo viral replication with the production of high-titer infectious virus as well as Japanese fulminant hepatitis type 1, H77/C3, and Con1/C3. This experimental model was employed to demonstrate HCV neutralization or HCV inhibition, in a dose-dependent manner, either by cluster of differentiation 81 or envelope protein 2-specific antibodies or convalescent serum from a recovered HCV patient or by antiviral drugs. CONCLUSION: This new ex vivo model represents a powerful tool for studying the viral life cycle and dynamics of virus spread in native tissue and also allows one to evaluate the efficacy of new antiviral drugs.

Benefits associated with antiviral treatment in kidney allograft recipients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is more frequent in kidney recipients than in the general population with a higher rate of liver-related morbidity and mortality. We evaluated the benefit associated with HBV viral suppression by nucleos(t)ide analogues treatment in HBV-infected kidney recipients. METHODS: This retrospective study included 42 HBsAg-positive kidney recipients, 33 males, 9 females, median age 54 years, followed up during a mean of 15.4±11.8 years after kidney transplantation. Mean treatment duration by single or combined nucleos(t)ide analogues was 6.8±4.3 years. Fibrosis, before treatment, according to Metavir score was: F4 for 6 patients, F3 for 10, F2 for 6, and F0-F1 for 20 patients. The primary end point, the patient survival, was defined as patient death or liver transplantation, the secondary end point was graft survival. RESULTS: HBV DNA at the last evaluation was undetectable (<12 IU/ml) in 92.8% of patients. During the follow-up, 8 patients died (17.7%), death being related to hepatocellular carcinoma in 4 (9.5%), including 1 patient with baseline mild fibrosis, and to extrahepatic causes in 4. This mortality rate is strikingly lower than that previously reported in HBV-infected kidney recipients before oral antiviral therapies. Graft survival seems to be improved when compared to the former series. CONCLUSIONS: Suppression of HBV replication associated with nucleo(s)tide analogues treatment improves the survival of HBV-infected kidney recipients. Viral suppression does not exclude regular follow-up given the risk of occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma even in non-cirrhotic patients.

Hepatitis C: epidemiology, diagnosis, natural history and therapy.

With an estimated prevalence of 3% in the world population (around 170 million infected individuals worldwide), hepatitis C virus (HCV) heavily burdens public health. Even though the incidence of new infections is declining, at least in industrialized countries where they are mainly restricted to intravenous drug users, morbidity and mortality (which means also HCV-induced costs) associated with HCV infection are expected to increase over the next decade. Models suggest that the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma and HCV-related mortality will still increase until about 2015. The prevalence of the disease, the risk of progression of fibrosis to cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma, mainly but not only in patients with liver comorbidities such as metabolic syndrome and/or heavy alcohol intake, evidences: (1) the need for a screening of chronic HCV infection as defined by both anti-HCV antibodies and detectable HCV RNA, (2) the evaluation of the extrahepatic (cryoglobulinemia-related vasculitis) or liver impact of chronic infection (by liver biopsy or noninvasive markers of fibrosis) and (3) the discussion of an antiviral treatment which is mainly the combination of pegylated interferon (one weekly subcutaneous injection) and ribavirin, a nucleosidic analogue with a twice daily oral intake. This 'standard of care' results in a mean of 60% of sustained virologic response corresponding to viral eradication, which allows the inactivation of necroinflammation and the remodeling of fibrosis. New antiviral treatments (direct-acting anti-virals like protease NS3/4, polymerase NS5B, NS5A, entry inhibitors or other drugs like cyclophilin inhibitors, new interferons, immune modulators or therapeutic vaccine) are being rapidly developed (the approval of the first generation protease inhibitors is expected for spring 2011). The next step appears to be the combination of these oral drugs allowing a better safety and efficacy of the treatment.